Recent Advances in Electric Vehicle Battery Technologies: Materials, Management Systems, and Sustainability Perspectives

Electric vehicle batteries represent one of the most strategically important technologies supporting the global transition toward sustainable transportation. This review examined recent advances in battery materials, intelligent battery management systems, and sustainability-oriented battery lifecycle strategies published between 2018 and 2026. The findings reveal significant progress in high-nickel lithium-ion batteries, silicon-based anodes, solid-state batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and sodium-ion batteries. These innovations offer substantial improvements in energy density, safety, charging performance, and resource efficiency. Simultaneously, artificial intelligence, machine learning, digital twins, and IoT-enabled battery management systems are transforming battery operation through enhanced monitoring, predictive maintenance, and lifecycle optimization. Despite these advancements, critical challenges remain. Resource scarcity, environmental impacts of material extraction, recycling limitations, manufacturing costs, and supply chain vulnerabilities continue to affect the long-term sustainability of battery ecosystems. Addressing these issues requires a holistic approach integrating technological innovation, intelligent operational management, and circular economy principles. The proposed framework demonstrates that future EV battery development must move beyond isolated technological improvements and embrace system-level integration. Advanced materials, intelligent management systems, and sustainability strategies should be developed concurrently to maximize performance, economic viability, and environmental responsibility. As governments, industries, and researchers continue to accelerate electrification efforts, the next generation of battery technologies will play a decisive role in achieving global climate goals, energy security objectives, and sustainable mobility transitions. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation will therefore be essential for realizing the full potential of electric vehicle battery systems in the decades ahead.

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