An Innovative Hybrid Grid Integration Strategy for Solar PV, Wind, and Fuel Cells with Battery Storage, Empowered by Artificial Neural Networks

The modelling, control, energy management, and operation of a hybrid grid-connected system with a fuel cell (FC), an electrolyser, and a photovoltaic (PV) battery energy storage system (BESS) are all covered by the proposed study. It has been suggested to create a hybrid PV-Wind-FC system with an electrolyser made of BESS and the fewest converters and control loops possible. By doing away with the PV converter, the suggested hybrid system offers an affordable way to include PV into a hybrid system. This includes designing controllers for grid-connected hybrid systems that have an FC with an electrolyser as a tertiary source, a BESS as a secondary source, and a distributed generator that is renewable (wind and photovoltaic). Additionally, in order to achieve sufficient phase margin and totally eliminate steady state error, the lead compensator and integrator are employed. It introduces phase shift ϕs at a cross gain frequency (ωcut) and boosts the controller’s stability. When connected to the grid, the Grid Side Controller (GSC) has the ability to handle the utility grid’s frequency. PV power is optimised in the suggested arrangement and fed into the grid via GSC. The grid station’s load sharing is supported by the Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and GSC. Furthermore, the effect of the intermittent nature of electricity produced by PV and wind is eliminated by the suggested BESS controller that coordinates with FC. Hydrogen is produced by the electrolyser using surplus electricity produced by renewable distributed generating. When adverse weather conditions prevent sufficient power generation, FC uses this hydrogen again. The purpose of the energy management has been to minimise the intermittent and fluctuating nature of wind and photovoltaic sources, meet the load profile, and prevent BESS overcharging. Service continuity and consistent power supply are ensured by this approach. The suggested hybrid system’s efficiency in comparison to the traditional hybrid sy