Modelling of Photovoltaic Panel and Examining Effects of Temperature

Modelling of Photovoltaic Panel and Examining Effects of Temperature

Introduction

The World Energy Forum has predicted that fossilbased oil, coal and gas reserves will be exhausted in less than another 10 decades. Fossil fuels account for over 79% of the primary energy consumed in the world, and 57.7% of that amount is used in the transport sector and are diminishing rapidly. The exhaustion of natural resources and the accelerated demand of conventional energy have forced planners and policy makers to look for alternate sources. Renewable energy is energy derived from resources that are regenerative, and do not deplete over time [1]. Concern about the development of applications of, and the teaching about, renewable energies have increased markedly in recent years [2].

The sun is regarded as a good source of energy for its consistency and cleanliness, unlike other kinds of Energy such as coal, oil, and derivations of oil that pollute the atmosphere and the environment. Most scientists, because of the abundance of sunshine capable of satisfying our energy needs in the years ahead, emphasize the importance of solar energy [3]. Solar energy is obviously environmentally advantageous relative to any other renewable energy source, and the linchpin of any serious sustainable development program. It does not deplete natural resources, does not cause CO₂ or other gaseous emission into air or generates liquid or solid waste products. Concerning sustainable development, the main direct or indirectly derived advantages of solar energy are the following; no emissions of greenhouse (mainly CO₂, NO_x) or toxic gasses (SO₂, particulates), reclamation of degraded land, reduction of transmission lines from electricity grids, increase of regional/national energy independence, diversification and security of energy supply, acceleration of rural electrification in developing countries [4]. Moreover, solar energy is a vital that can make environment friendly energy more flexible, cost effective and commercially widespread. Photovoltaic source are widely used today in many applications such as battery charging, water heating system, satellite power system, and others [5]. Recently, researchers have strongly promoted the use of solar energy as a viable source of energy. Solar energy possesses characteristics that make it highly attractive as a primary energy source that can be integrated into local and regional power supplies since it represents a sustainable environmentally friendly source of energy that can reduce the occupants’ energy bills [6].

Solar radiation is available at any location on the surface of the earth [7]. The energy intensity of the sun to the world, the atmosphere on the kW per square meter is about 1.35.  The diameter of the footprint area of the world from the solar power density is 178x10⁶ MW. The entire surface of the world's solar energy falling is 1.22x10¹⁴ TCE (tons coal equivalent) in one year, or as imposing size is 0.814x10¹⁴ TOE (tons of oil equivalent). In other words, the amount of incoming solar energy in one year, fifty times the known reserves of coal, 800 times the known oil reserves [8].

Photovoltaic systems are provided to active using of solar energy. As a solution for the depletion of conventional fossil fuel energy sources and serious environmental problems, focus on the photovoltaic (PV) system has been increasing around the world [9]. The photovoltaic (PV) field has given rise to a global industry capable of producing many gigawatts (GW) of additional installed capacity per year [10]. Solar photovoltaic (PV) market installations reached a record high of 7.3 gigawatt (GW) in 2009, representing growth of 20% over the previous year. The PV industry generated $38.5 billion in global revenues in 2009, while successfully rising over $13.5 billion in equity and debt, up 8% on the prior year [11].