A Comparative Form and Geometric Analysis of the Funerary Architecture of Delhi: Lodi and Early Mughal Tombs

Funerary architecture in the Indian subcontinent represents a significant expression of cultural, political, and architectural development. Delhi, as the capital of several dynasties, contains a rich collection of tomb architecture that reflects evolving architectural ideas over time. The Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), representing the final phase of the Delhi Sultanate, developed a distinct architectural vocabulary characterised by geometric clarity, centralised plans, restrained massing, and structurally dominant domes. With the establishment of Mughal rule in 1526, funerary architecture underwent further transformation through the introduction of refined geometric systems, increased monumentality, axial symmetry, and integrated landscape planning. This research undertakes a comparative architectural analysis of selected Lodi and early Mughal tombs in Delhi to examine continuity and transformation in funerary architecture. The study focuses specifically on plan typology, geometric organisation, spatial hierarchy, dome morphology, and proportional systems. Through the examination of tombs such as the Tomb of Muhammad Shah Sayyid, the Tomb of Sikandar Lodi, and Humayun’s Tomb, the research investigates how architectural geometry functions as a generative design tool rather than merely a stylistic feature. The findings reveal that early Mughal architecture did not emerge as a complete departure from Sultanate architecture but instead evolved through a gradual refinement of existing geometric and spatial principles. The study contributes to architectural history by highlighting the importance of geometry and form in understanding architectural continuity during this transitional period.