A Comprehensive Review on Herbal Mouthwash: Efficacy Against Oral Diseases and Its Potential as a Safe Alternative

Problems with synthetic antimicrobial resistance have created new opportunities in the hunt for natural products. The following plants and other natural products are thoroughly reviewed in this article for their use in oral health: pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), green tea (Kuntze), chewing sticks made from Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.D.C., Diospyros lycioides Desf., and Salvadora persica L. (miswak); honey and propolis from the manuka tree (Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.); rhein from Rheum rhabarbarum L. (rhubarb); dried fruits from Vitis vinifera L. (raisins); essential oils; probiotics; and mushrooms. Additionally, plants from Africa, Asia, Brazil, Mexico, Europe, and the Middle East are highlighted in the review. The chemical principles and antibacterial capabilities of several plants have been clarified. While antimicrobial testing is primarily carried out in the following countries (in decreasing order of magnitude): India, South Africa, Brazil, Japan, France, Egypt, Iran, Mexico, Kenya, Switzerland, Nigeria, Australia, Uganda, and the United Kingdom, the use of natural products for oral health is prevalent in settings with limited resources. The assessment highlights a critical need for additional research on clinical efficacy and toxicity, but it also identified a growing trend: the majority of basic research on plants for oral health is conducted in Brazil, Europe, and Australia. In general, value addition of natural ingredients for toothpaste fortification is done in Brazil, China, India, and New Zealand. African nations prioritize primary production of raw plants and other natural items having antibacterial properties, as well as bioprospecting.