A Decentralized Framework for Secure Product Authentication and Traceability in Supply Chains

Counterfeit and stolen goods seriously threaten the reliability of modern supply chains. They affect consumer trust, brand reputation, and economic stability. To tackle this issue, this paper presents a blockchain-based smart supply chain framework. It combines Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) with dual-layer Anti-counterfeiting mechanisms such as RFID tags and holographic labels [2], [6]. Each physical product connects to a unique NFT, creating a secure digital twin on a private blockchain network [3], [8]. This setup ensures traceability, verifies authenticity, and keeps transaction records safe from tampering [1], [5].. The proposed system includes a new Supply Chain Consensus (SCC) algorithm, designed specifically for supply chains. It classifies nodes by trust and stake to allow for efficient and scalable transaction validation. Also, a collateral-based incentive mechanism encourages honest participation among all involved, including manufacturers, transporters, buyers, and arbitrators [7]. Furthermore, a decentralized dispute resolution model features a transparent voting process that ensures fairness and accountability during conflicts [8]. A conceptual framework and simulation-based analysis were carried out to assess the system’s performance in terms of transaction efficiency, security, and counterfeit reduction [1], [5]. The findings show that this approach significantly boosts supply chain transparency, lowers verification costs, and improves product authentication compared to traditional centralized systems [4]. This framework provides a scalable and secure solution for the next generation of supply chains, particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals, luxury goods, and electronics.