AI Failures, Limitations, Incapabilities, and Threats

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed military, economic, educational, and social sectors, enhancing automation and decision-making while also revealing critical failures, limitations, and threats. This study critically examines these challenges through an extensive review of literature, documented AI failure cases, cognitive science insights, and philosophical analyses. AI shortcomings are categorized into design flaws, algorithmic weaknesses, data biases, deployment challenges, and ethical and interpretability gaps. The research also highlights AI’s inherent incapabilities, such as lack of true understanding, moral reasoning, and human-like intelligence. Additionally, it discusses risks like bias, surveillance, cyber threats, misinformation, job displacement, and autonomous system dangers, stressing the need for responsible governance.