Comprehensive Analysis of Evolution and Future Trajectory of AR/VR, Establishing Fundamental Requirements Dictated by Human Visual System Such as Field of View, Resolution, And Vergence-Accommodation Conflict

Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) have transitioned from science fiction concepts to tangible technologies with the potential to redefine human-computer interaction. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and future trajectory of AR/VR. We begin by establishing the fundamental requirements dictated by the human visual system—such as field of view, resolution, and vergence-accommodation conflict—and benchmark them against the current state-of-the-art in near-eye displays. Through a scoping review of the field’s progression, we analyse publication trends, geographical research focus, and application domains, revealing a maturation phase with strong roots in healthcare, education, and industry. We then delve into the specific optical and display challenges in both VR (e.g., resolution enhancement, VAC mitigation) and AR (e.g., FOV expansion, brightness requirements), drawing on recent advancements in waveguides, microdisplays, and computational optics. Furthermore, we present original findings from a comparative user study on immersive analytics, highlighting that while user performance is comparable in AR and VR, user perception and navigation strategies differ significantly, suggesting a need for context-aware and user-selectable reality modes. Finally, we synthesise these perspectives to outline the future horizons of AR/VR, emphasising the critical role of emerging technologies, such as the AR cloud, cross-virtuality systems, and next-generation micro-LEDs, in driving the next wave of adoption and innovation.