Corrosion Resistance in Reinforced Concrete Structures

Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures poses a critical challenge to the durability, safety, and serviceability of modern infrastructure. This review comprehensively examines the underlying mechanisms of corrosion, primarily chloride ingress and carbonation, which lead to structural degradation through cracking and spalling. The paper synthesizes a wide range of mitigation strategies, including corrosion inhibitors, protective coatings, fiber-reinforced concretes, and emerging materials like geopolymer concrete. Special attention is given to marine and coastal structures, where environmental exposure exacerbates deterioration. The effectiveness of steel fiber reinforcement in enhancing crack resistance is discussed alongside its potential to introduce new corrosion pathways. Sustainable and alternative binders such as geopolymer concretes, particularly when reinforced with natural fibers, show promise in improving corrosion resistance while supporting environmental goals. Advanced monitoring techniques—ranging from electrochemical methods to real-time embedded sensors—are highlighted as essential tools for early detection and life-cycle management. The paper concludes with a comparative analysis of the latest research efforts and identifies key directions for future studies, including field validation of laboratory findings, performance-based design standards, and integration of smart corrosion monitoring technologies. Overall, this review provides a critical foundation for enhancing the durability of reinforced concrete structures through both conventional and innovative corrosion resistance strategies.