Development of Biodegradable Cow Dung–Agricultural Waste Composites for Sustainable Construction and Eco-Friendly Applications

The increasing demand for eco-friendly materials has led to a growing interest in biodegradable composites derived from natural and agricultural waste. This research focuses on the development of a low-cost, sustainable composite material made from cow dung and agricultural residues, fabricated using the vacuum compression molding process. Cow dung acts as the organic matrix, while agricultural waste such as straw, husk, and dried leaves serves as reinforcement, with epoxy resin and hardener used as binding agents. Multiple sample compositions were prepared with varying ratios of cow dung to agricultural waste, and their physical and mechanical properties were analyzed through tensile, flexural, hardness, water absorption, density, thermal stability, and biodegradability tests. The results revealed that an optimal composition provides a balanced combination of strength, durability, and environmental compatibility, making it suitable for non-structural applications such as wall panels, insulation boards, and packaging materials. Additionally, the concept of integrating creeping and vine plants with the developed composite panels was explored to enhance microclimate regulation and aesthetic value. The study concludes that this biodegradable composite offers a practical, eco-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic materials, contributing to sustainable construction and circular economy practices.