Evaluation of Sustainable Materials for Structural Performance and Durability in Bridge Construction

Bridge construction plays a crucial role in transportation networks and economic development; however, traditional construction materials such as ordinary Portland cement, natural aggregates, and steel contribute significantly to carbon emissions, resource depletion, and long-term maintenance challenges. With growing environmental concerns and the need for sustainable infrastructure, the adoption of eco-friendly materials in bridge construction has gained considerable attention. This paper presents a comprehensive review of sustainable materials used in bridge engineering, including supplementary cementitious materials (fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and silica fume), recycled aggregates, geopolymer concrete, fibre-reinforced polymer composites, and bio-based materials. The performance of these materials is evaluated based on mechanical properties, durability, life-cycle cost, and environmental impact. Findings from previous studies and real-world bridge applications indicate that sustainable materials can achieve comparable or superior strength and durability compared to conventional materials while significantly reducing carbon emissions and conserving natural resources. The study highlights that concrete grades in the M40–M60 range, along with corrosion-resistant composite systems, are well-suited for sustainable bridge applications. Overall, the review concludes that integrating sustainable materials into bridge construction enhances structural performance, extends service life, and supports global sustainability goals, making it a viable and necessary approach for future bridge infrastructure development.