Feasibility Analysis and Strategic Development for Preventing Sewage Ingress into Rivers and Lakes

Urban water bodies in India, such as rivers and lakes, are increasingly endangered due to the uncontrolled ingress of untreated sewage. This issue is particularly critical in metropolitan regions like Mumbai, where infrastructure struggles to keep pace with rapid population growth. The Mithi River and Powai Lake, once ecologically vibrant, are now heavily polluted due to illegal sewage connections, stormwater contamination, and inadequate wastewater treatment facilities. This review paper aims to analyze existing literature, case studies, and technical interventions related to sewage ingress prevention in urban water bodies. It explores various engineering strategies such as the construction of interceptor chambers, hydro-brakes, and the redirection of dry weather flows, while also considering socio-political dimensions like policy reforms and community participation. International case studies and national guidelines are reviewed to draw parallels and lessons that can be adapted to the Indian context. The review identifies key research gaps, including a lack of integrated planning, underutilization of decentralized treatment systems, and inadequate enforcement of pollution control norms. By synthesizing technical and administrative insights, this paper proposes a holistic, multi-stakeholder approach to controlling sewage pollution. The findings contribute to the design and planning phases of the author’s dissertation project and offer scalable strategies for urban water quality improvement under initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and Namami Gange.