Monkeypox Transmission and Treatment: A Holistic Review of Indigenous and Modern Therapeutic Systems

Background Monkeypox, a zoonotic viral disease, has re-emerged as a significant global health concern with increasing outbreaks in non-endemic regions. Although conventional antiviral strategies and vaccines are under development or use, their accessibility and limitations prompt the need to explore complementary approaches. Objective To review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, transmission pathways, and therapeutic strategies for monkeypox, with special emphasis on traditional systems of medicine, including Ayurveda, Unani, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and African ethnomedicine. Methods A narrative literature review was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed articles, WHO reports, and classical texts of traditional medicine were assessed to extract data on monkeypox outbreaks, clinical features, and traditional interventions. Selection was based on relevance, credibility, and recency. Results Monkeypox is transmitted through zoonotic contact, respiratory droplets, direct contact with lesions, and fomites. Clinical presentation mimics smallpox but is typically less severe. While antiviral agents like Tecovirimat and Brincidofovir show promise, traditional medicinal systems offer various plant-based remedies with antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Herbs such as Tinospora cordifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Nigella sativa, and Andrographis paniculata demonstrate potential roles in symptomatic relief and immunity enhancement. Conclusion Integrative approaches that combine modern pharmacotherapy with validated traditional interventions could strengthen monkeypox management, particularly in resource-limited settings. Further clinical and pharmacological studies are essential to validate these traditional formulations. A multidisciplinary approach may pave the way for a more inclusive and sustainable healthcare response to emerging zoonotic threats.