Resilient Tracking in No-Network Zones: Hybrid Technologies for Location Awareness in Off-Grid Environments

– Conventional tracking systems relying on GPS and cellular infrastructure are ineffective in environments with little or no connectivity—such as remote wilderness, mountainous regions, or disaster-affected areas. This paper introduces a hybrid tracking architecture that integrates satellite communication, mesh networking, Radio Tomographic Imaging (RTI), signal jumping, drone-assisted relays, and Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). The proposed system addresses signal loss challenges by utilizing AI-driven signal prediction and autonomous drones to extend coverage and improve real-time traceability. Performance is evaluated through simulations and real-world case studies based on key metrics including coverage, latency, energy efficiency, and reliability. The approach demonstrates strong potential for critical applications in search and rescue, defense operations, and autonomous systems, contributing toward the development of resilient off-grid communication and tracking technologies.