The Growing Concern of Cardiovascular Diseases among Urban Youth in Bangladesh: Intersecting Risks of Unplanned Urbanization, Sedentary Lifestyles, Changing Disease Demographics, and the National Economy

The Growing Concern of Cardiovascular Diseases among Urban Youth in Bangladesh: Intersecting Risks of Unplanned Urbanization, Sedentary Lifestyles, Changing Disease Demographics, and the National Economy

Al Amin1, Sumaiya Tabassum2, Rasel Hossain Biswas3, Uday Kanti Das4, Zahir Uddin5,

Shila Debnath6, Kallol Debnath7*

1, 2, 7 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative,

Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh

3 Department of Pharmacy, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Manarat International University, Dhaka-1340, Bangladesh

4 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical & Allied Health Sciences, Brainware University, Kolkata,

West Bengal-700125, India

5 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science & Engineering, World University of Bangladesh,

Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh

6 Department of English, Faculty of Arts, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh

ORCID iD: 1 0009-0005-7272-2234, 2 0009-0003-6854-2666, 3 0009-0001-6097-4873,

5 0009-0007-6172-0262, 6 0009-0007-0482-0283, 7 0000-0003-0429-829X

* Corresponding Author: Professor Dr. Kallol Debnath, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences,

University of Development Alternative (UODA), Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh

kalloldebnath@pharmacy.uoda.edu.bd

Abstract

In recent decades, Bangladesh has experienced a significant epidemiological shift, characterized by the rising burden of Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) displacing Communicable ones (CDs). This transition is epitomized by the ascent of Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as the key cause of national morbidity and mortality. While historically associated with the elderly, CVDs prevalence is rising alarmingly among the urban youth (18-35 years - defined in the National Youth Policy 2017 of Bangladesh) in the Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Bangladesh. The country is experiencing significant changes in its socio-economic landscape because of burgeoning population and rapid migration from rural to urban areas. This demographic shift is propelled by rapid and unplanned urbanization, which fosters obesogenic environments, dietary transitions to processed foods, sedentary lifestyles, environmental pollution, and other stressors impacting the population socioeconomically. Gender-specific risks are evident, with young urban males exhibiting high-risk profiles linked to smoking and stress, while their female counterparts demonstrate high rates of obesity and physical inactivity. This evolving health environment has thereby predisposed a previously low-risk population to early-onset hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and stroke.

This article analyzes the epidemiological patterns and multifactorial risks behind the emerging public health crisis of CVDs in urban Bangladesh. It identifies shortcomings in the existing healthcare framework, which remains focused on communicable infections and is inadequate for addressing the rising incidence of NCDs among the youth. The analysis also evaluates the population health impact, detailing the profound economic and social implications of premature morbidity and mortality in this most productive demographic.

To prevent a future surge in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality within this productive demographic, implementing urgent multi-sectoral strategy is essential. Required measures include policy interventions for healthier cities, robust public health screening programs, and targeted lifestyle interventions. Successfully addressing CVDs reduces the disease burden while simultaneously accelerating progress across a range of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases, Urbanization, Sedentary behavior, Disease demography, Obesogenic environment, Economic burden, Youth, SDGs, Bangladesh.